Business valuation

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These business valuation methods are predicated on the idea that a business's true value lies in its ability to produce wealth in the future. The most common earning value approach is Capitalizing Past Earning.

With this approach, a valuator determines an expected level of cash flow for the company using a company's record of past earnings, normalizes them for unusual revenue or expenses, and multiplies the expected normalized cash flows by a capitalization factor. The capitalization factor is a reflection of what rate of return a reasonable purchaser would expect on the investment, as well as a measure of the risk that the expected earnings will not be achieved.


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A formal assessment of the value of a business using pre-determined and generally agreed upon formulas. The discounted cash flow model is an example of a frequently used method.

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the act or process of determining the value of a business enterprise or ownership interest therein.
An estimate of the worth of a business entity and its assets.

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Determining the value of a small business can seem like an obscure and incomprehensible art form of interest only to potential buyers and sellers, and only when a business is about to change hands. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are a number of different ways to set a value on a given business. The Small Business Valuation Book is an invaluable resource for business owners or buyers who need to make an accurate appraisal of a small business.

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Business valuation is typically based on three major methods: the income approach, the cost approach and the market (comparable sales) approach. Among the income approaches is the discounted cash flow methodology – calculating the net present value ("NPV") of future cash flows for an enterprise. As an alternative to the more abbreviated income capitalization approach, this methodology is more relevant where future operating conditions and cash flows are variable – or not projected to be materially consistent with current performance levels.

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Business valuation is a process and a set of procedures used to estimate the economic value of an owner’s interest in a business. Valuation is used by financial market participants to determine the price they are willing to pay or receive to consummate a sale of a business. In addition to estimating the selling price of a business, the same valuation tools are often used by business appraisers to resolve disputes related to estate and gift taxation, divorce litigation, allocate business purchase price among business assets, establish a formula for estimating the value of partners' ownership interest for buy-sell agreements, and many other business and legal purposes.

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The Asset Approach is based on the premise that it is generally possible to liquidate the property, plant and equipment (PP&E) assets of a company, and after paying off the company's liabilities the net proceeds would accrue to the equity of the company. Valuation of assets based on liquidity does not yield better results if the fair market value of assets is in excess of value of its assets on a liquidated basis.

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In addition to estimating the selling price of a business, the same valuation tools are often used by business appraisers to resolve disputes related to estate and gift taxation, divorce litigation, allocate business purchase price among business assets, establish a formula for estimating the value of partners' ownership interest for buy-sell agreements, and many other business and legal purposes. Business valuation results can vary considerably depending upon the choice of both the standard and premise of value. In an actual business sale, it would be expected that the buyer and seller, each with an incentive to achieve an optimal outcome, would determine the fair market value of a business asset that would compete in the market for such an acquisition. If the synergies are specific to the company being valued, they may not be considered. Fair value also does not incorporate discounts for lack of control or marketability.